It’s obvious enough our food choices influence our digestive and metabolic health.
What’s less obvious — but no less important — is the impact rest. Sleep also affects digestion and metabolism, and becoming enough rest is central to weight maintenance, and then any efforts to improve gut function, lose weight, or prevent chronic diseases.
Even someone who eats well and exercises regularly may be prone to metabolic problems without enough sleep, says functional-medicine pioneer Mark Hyman, MD, head of strategy and innovation for Cleveland Clinic’s Center for Functional Medicine. “One study found that just one partial night’s sleep could create insulin resistance, paving the road for [type 2] diabetes and many other problems.”
But the food–sleep connection isn’t a one-way street. Just as sleep affects our metabolic health, our food choices — including what, when, and how we eat — can affect our sleep quality.
“So many people are well aware of sleep hygiene for optimal sleep,” says functional-medicine practitioner Greg Plotnikoff, MD. “People are not aware of dietary hygiene for sleep.”
The connection includes the obvious culprits and then some, he emphasizes. “Diet and metabolism can enjoy very important roles in sleep beyond the well-known factors of alcohol and caffeine.”
In short, our eating habits can make or break our sleep — and our sleep patterns could make or break our eating habits.
So, what makes sleep such a potent factor in metabolism? And how do our eating habits influence sleep? Our experts offer some insight.
Sleep and Metabolism
Poor sleep disrupts metabolic systems and can trigger these three conditions.
1. Poor Weight Maintenance
Skimping on sleep can lead to weight gain, especially around the waist where stress-induced pounds often collect.
Studies show that sleep-deprived people tend to select sweet, fatty comfort foods. This quick-energy fare may compensate for the sluggishness and fatigue an undesirable night's sleep produces, but it also increases daily caloric intake by as much as 20 percent.
“When you don't get enough sleep, you do not get the restoration sleep provides,” says Orfeu Buxton, PhD, professor of biobehavioral health at Pennsylvania State University. “The brain and the body have to be active and alert for additional time, and your body may require a little more energy, so your system overcompensates. You eat a few more calories.”
Even one night of sleep deprivation can trigger putting on weight, according to a small but significant 2021 study Buxton and the team published in the Journal of Lipid Metabolism. Fifteen healthy men within their 20s spent 10 days eating the same calorie-dense meal. Most nights they slept 10 hours. However for four consecutive nights, they slept five hours or less.
Following the sleep-restricted nights, participants reported feeling hungry after consuming the same meal that filled them on the sleep-sufficient nights. What's more, blood tests showed that their fatigued bodies were more apt to store the calories they ate as fat.
Eating at night, when the body expects to become sleeping, can also cause weight gain. In one study, mice whose meal patterns were flipped from day to nighttime – they ate throughout their nighttime hours and fasted throughout the day – experienced a 48 percent rise in body weight. Mice eating the same calorie-dense meals during the daytime gained only 20 percent more weight over a period of six weeks.
Hormonal mechanisms seem to be at work in all of these cases. Production of the hunger hormone ghrelin increases when we're tired. And, inside a perfect storm of metabolic unfairness, lack of sleep inhibits the production of leptin, the satiety hormone that signals fullness. With little or no leptin, we fail to get the cue that we've had enough food.
The final factor in sleep-deprived weight gain is behavioral: When we're fatigued, the quality of our decisions can suffer.
“Sleep deprivation tends to make us do things that are riskier and more reckless,” says Chris Winter, MD, author of The Sleep Solution: Why Your Sleep Is Broken and the way to Fix It. “In your normal rested state, you would be like, 'I'm not going to eat this ice cream.'” But when you're sleep deprived, he adds, you're more likely to eat the whole pint.
2. Insulin Resistance
Just one evening of shortened sleep – four hours of shuteye – can set the stage for insulin resistance.
“Not sleeping enough leads to a rise in cortisol and changes insulin sensitivity,” says functional-medicine practitioner Myrto Ashe, MD, MPH. Prolonged periods of inadequate sleep may cause chronic insulin resistance, be responsible for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.
Large-scale studies have repeatedly shown that diabetes type 2 is twice as common in adults who regularly report insufficient sleep; the bond between short sleep duration and type 2 diabetes is outside of other risk factors, such as hypertension, overweight or obesity, and genealogy. Once type 2 diabetes develops, studies show, the condition reduces sleep quantity and quality.
3. Microbiome Disruption
Poor-quality sleep appears to mess with the gut microbiome, too. Animal research has linked inadequate sleep to changes in gut flora that trigger inflammation and affect insulin sensitivity.
They've also shown that obstructive sleep apnea – a nighttime breathing disorder related to snoring and poor sleep – decreases levels of the bacteria that produce butyrate. A short-chain essential fatty acid, butyrate has been studied for its health-promoting properties: It improves non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, including the phases when the body passes into deep sleep and performs its tissue-repair work.
Low butyrate levels can lead to a self-reinforcing cycle of sleeplessness – and compromised gut health.
Food and Sleep
Four eating routine that can influence sleep quality.
1. Meal Timing
If you have ever gone to bed with a full stomach, you know that sleep and digestion don't always mix. To avoid provoking indigestion, Winter recommends letting two to three hours pass between your last meal and lights out.
“We tend to sleep best in a relatively fasted state,” he states. “A lot of metabolic processes go on after eating that can disrupt sleep.”
A big meal before bedtime can also prevent your heart rate from dropping to its lowest point, which can lead to less-restorative sleep. This may have particular implications to keep fit and physical performance: A heart rate that hits its lowest point during the first half of a night's sleep is correlated with better athletic recovery.
Still, Winter doesn't advise sleeping famished. “If you need to eat, eat,” he states. “It's difficult to go to sleep when you're hungry.”
He recommends a small snack if you're eating late.
(See below for many good bedtime options.) More than this will divert the body's energy from its “powering down” mode.
2. Food Choices
Some foods, for example hummus, nuts, high-fat yogurt, and salmon, actively promote sleep, says Winter. These food types contain tryptophan, which the body converts to calming serotonin and sleep-inducing melatonin.
High-glycemic foods, like rice and pasta, are also known to increase tryptophan levels in the brain. These food types don't contain tryptophan, but they raise levels of insulin; insulin helps tryptophan cross the blood -brain barrier.
Indeed, studies suggest that eating a small carbohydrate-rich meal or snack at night helps some people fall asleep faster.
The tricky thing is that carbs can also disrupt sleep. The way they affect you depends on many factors, including just how much you eat, as well as your unique metabolic tendencies.
If you're whatsoever sugar-sensitive, carbohydrates can trigger an excessive amount of insulin production, resulting in an eventual blood-sugar crash. These crashes signal the discharge of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter associated with alertness, explains José Colón, MD, MPH, which specializes in pediatric sleep disorders.
If, after a late-night cookie, you experience a blood-sugar crash while sleeping, you'll also get a related hit of stimulating norepinephrine. This could wake you up – and keep you awake.
Still, it's important for anyone managing ongoing blood-sugar-regulation issues, such as diabetes and hypoglycemia, to maintain stable blood-sugar levels during the night. This may mean eating a simple, blood-sugar-stabilizing snack before bed.
This could benefit individuals who struggle with fatigue during the day too, says Plotnikoff.
“A small snack right before bed can make a huge difference to sleep length and quality,” he says. “Your blood sugar won't drop off too low during the night, helping you sleep better. You'll feel more alert and rested throughout the following day, too.”
Plotnikoff suggests a complex carb, like a bit of yams, with a healthy fat, like ghee, to slow the absorption of the carbohydrates. Or try celery (a healthy carb) dipped in nut butter (a healthy fat).
For regular meals, he encourages individuals who struggle with sleep to reach for whole foods that contain high levels of the brain-calming amino acid GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). These include broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, mush-rooms, and spinach. GABA promotes relaxation.
Long-term calorie restriction may also disturb sleep. “Patients who are on very low-carb diets for long periods of time often complain about waking up between 1 a.m. and three a.m., and feeling very hungry,” says Hyman.
A blood-sugar imbalance may be the culprit, so he recommends a protein-rich snack, like almond butter, before going to sleep. Still, he sees this like a short-term fix.
“It's important to look at your overall diet and make sure you're eating enough calories and blood-sugar-balancing meals,” he says. Evening meals that keep blood-sugar levels steady contain enough healthy fat and protein to anchor any complex carbs which are also on your plate.
The mix of fat, protein, and carbs that'll be ideal for keeping your taste buds and blood sugar levels happy all night long depends on your own personal needs. Everyone is different, and selecting the right ratio of macronutrients takes some experimentation. Ideally, you'll go to bed feeling comfortable – neither famished nor overly full.
“You want to eat enough that you're not hungry when you attend bed,” says Ashe. She also suggests you try to be finished eating around three hours before you hit the pillow.
Finally, people who follow vegan, vegetarian, or grain-free diets might be missing out on certain sleep-promoting amino acids, like tryptophan or histi-dine, says Plotnikoff. If you suspect that an amino-acid deficiency is affecting your sleep quality, talk to a -functional-medicine practitioner about ways to address it with food or supplements.
3. Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol is a sedative, so sipping wine at dinner or enjoying a cocktail before bed may seem like a good idea if you have trouble falling asleep. But don't let first impressions fool you: Studies link alcohol with disrupted and poor-quality sleep, as well as reduced time spent in restorative deep sleep.
“Alcohol doesn't create a person fall asleep or sleep better,” says Winter. “It makes a person unconscious.”
Ashe concurs. “Alcohol and anything that impacts your brain, like sleep medications, antidepressants, and anti-anxiety medications, alter the brain's sleep architecture,” she says. “They may produce sedation, which seems like sleep but doesn't have all the benefits.”
If you do enjoy a cocktail occasionally, Hyman recommends finishing it before 7 or 8 p.m.; this leaves the liver enough time to clear the alcohol from your system before you decide to sleep.
Still, if you have trouble falling or staying asleep, skip the booze. He recommends magnesium citrate supplements or chamomile tea instead.
4. Food Habits
Our eating patterns can be deeply ingrained and powerfully communal. Maybe you share a big bowl of popcorn with the family during movie nights, not so much because you're hungry but since it is tradition. Or maybe your guilty-pleasure TV show is even more pleasurable when paired with chocolate-chip cookies. They are emotional bonds.
If you're interested in modifying what so when you eat to improve your sleep, create make changes using willpower alone. “You can't take a look at food in isolation,” says Ashe, who uses exercise and meditation to handle her diet and her sleep. “If I meditate, I'm less likely to eat after 7 p.m. When I've got other avenues to deal with my stress, I'm less likely to eat chocolate during the night.”
Those strategies help her keep up with the dietary habits that promote sleeping. And enjoying eight hours of quality sleep each night helps her prioritize meditation and use. It becomes a virtuous cycle, she says.
When food habits support sleep, and sleep supports good food choices, two healthy patterns feed off each other. And that should help you rest easier.